![]() Disease surveillance using GIS, then, points to a greater shift in how governments, particularly the government of the United States, enact security. ![]() Through their negotiation of a wide range of scales, these systems construct spaces of disease surveillance-environments governed less through empirical modes than through speculative modes. This essay concerns two GIS used for disease surveillance: the World Health Organization’s (WHO) FluNet, part of its Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), and the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center’s (NISAC) Epidemic Simulation System (EpiSimS), an agent-based simulation engine for modeling the spread of infectious diseases through different regions of the United States. ![]() ![]() Often such negotiation is most successfully carried out through the use of geographic information systems (GIS), information systems that are a combination of digital cartography, database management, and spatial analytical tools. The global surveillance of infectious disease is fundamentally connected to problems of scale: how to track the movement of contagions through different populations and across regional and national boundaries requires the negotiation of scales ranging from the molecular to the global.
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